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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the emergence and development of new species. This is evident in numerous examples of stickleback fish species that can thrive in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect types that are apprehensive about particular host plants. These typically reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to basic body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living organisms that inhabit our planet for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection theory is the best-established explanation. This process occurs when people who are more well-adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually forms an entirely new species. Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three elements: variation, inheritance and reproduction. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person’s genetic traits, including both dominant and recessive genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring. This can be done through sexual or asexual methods. All of these elements must be in harmony to allow natural selection to take place. For example, if a dominant allele at a gene causes an organism to survive and reproduce more often than the recessive one, the dominant allele will be more prevalent in the population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. This process is self-reinforcing, which means that the organism with an adaptive trait will survive and reproduce more quickly than those with a maladaptive feature. The greater an organism's fitness which is measured by its ability to reproduce and survive, is the more offspring it produces. People with good traits, like a long neck in giraffes, or bright white color patterns on male peacocks are more likely to others to reproduce and survive which eventually leads to them becoming the majority. Natural selection only affects populations, not on individuals. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory which holds that animals acquire traits due to usage or inaction. If a giraffe expands its neck to catch prey and the neck grows longer, then its offspring will inherit this trait. The differences in neck length between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck gets too long that it can no longer breed with other giraffes. Evolution through Genetic Drift In genetic drift, alleles within a gene can be at different frequencies within a population through random events. In the end, one will reach fixation (become so widespread that it cannot be eliminated through natural selection) and other alleles fall to lower frequencies. This can result in an allele that is dominant at the extreme. The other alleles have been essentially eliminated and heterozygosity has diminished to zero. In a small population, this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive alleles. This is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a large number of individuals move to form a new group. A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or a mass hunting event are confined to an area of a limited size. 에볼루션 will share an allele that is dominant and will have the same phenotype. This situation might be caused by conflict, earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it remains vulnerable to genetic drift. Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew utilize Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of differences in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins who are both genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other continues to reproduce. This kind of drift can be very important in the evolution of an entire species. However, it's not the only method to progress. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, in which the phenotypic variation of an individual is maintained through mutation and migration. Stephens argues that there is a significant difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force, or an underlying cause, and treating other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection and migration as causes or causes. He argues that a causal-process account of drift allows us differentiate it from other forces and that this distinction is crucial. He also claims that drift is a directional force: that is it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. He also claims that it also has a size, that is determined by population size. Evolution by Lamarckism Biology students in high school are often exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is often known as “Lamarckism” and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms via the inherited characteristics that are a result of the natural activities of an organism use and misuse. Lamarckism can be demonstrated by a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This could cause giraffes to give their longer necks to their offspring, who would then become taller. Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on 17 May 1802, he introduced an innovative concept that completely challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. In 에볼루션 코리아 , living things had evolved from inanimate matter via an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case but the general consensus is that he was the one having given the subject its first broad and thorough treatment. The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory on evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals during the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed, leading to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory denies that acquired characteristics can be passed down and instead argues organisms evolve by the selective action of environment elements, like Natural Selection. Although Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters, and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea, it was never an integral part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically tested. However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics, there is a large amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as “neo Lamarckism”, or more often epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model. Evolution through Adaptation One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle for survival. This view is inaccurate and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a particular environment. This could include not just other organisms but also the physical surroundings themselves. Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to understand evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living thing to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure, such as fur or feathers or a behavioral characteristic, such as moving into shade in hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold. The capacity of an organism to draw energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms as well as their physical environment is essential to its survival. The organism must have the right genes for producing offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. The organism should also be able reproduce at an amount that is appropriate for its niche. These elements, along with gene flow and mutations can cause an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within a population’s gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequencies could result in the development of new traits and ultimately new species. Many of the characteristics we appreciate in animals and plants are adaptations. For instance lung or gills that extract oxygen from air, fur and feathers as insulation, long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a proper understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between behavioral and physiological traits. Physiological adaptations, such as the thick fur or gills are physical traits, while behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to search for friends or to move to the shade during hot weather, aren't. Additionally, it is important to note that a lack of thought does not mean that something is an adaptation. Failure to consider the implications of a choice, even if it appears to be logical, can cause it to be unadaptive.